Glossary

This is an LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) database that was constructed in accordance with Japan's domestic Industry structure and supply chains. It contains highly reliable Emission factor for precisely understanding GHG (greenhouse gas) emission amount throughout the entire life cycle of products and Service , and is primarily used by companies that calculate greenhouse gas emission amount on a volume basis.

GAIA-X is a framework for secure data sharing and utilization between companies. Since there are limitations to the data that each company can collect individually, collaboration allows companies to efficiently obtain information on product life cycles and supply chains. This will promote efforts to improve productivity and decarbonize.

One of the key features of GAIA-X is "data sovereignty." It is a mechanism that allows companies to specify who will use their data, allowing highly confidential information to be shared safely and protecting it from unauthorized access and cyber attacks.

The purpose of GAIA-X is to build a safe and reliable open infrastructure and increase the competitiveness of companies. Currently, major global companies such as Amazon and Google from the US and Alibaba Group from China are participating in this framework, and it is expected to continue to expand.

The official name is Global Reporting Initiative.

An international framework to promote reporting on corporate sustainability. Established in 1997, it aims to increase transparency and accountability for sustainable development. GRI is a set of standards that reflect international Best Practice for companies to assess and report on their environmental, social, and economic impacts.
The GRI Standards, which have been published in stages since 2016, are used by many Japanese companies to Create sustainability reports.

The GRI Standards Settings important indicators and themes that companies should consider when reporting. These include environmental impacts (e.g., air emissions, water and wastewater), working conditions (e.g., employment, labor-management relations, occupational health and safety, impacts on local Community, corporate governance, etc.). Based on these standards, companies can measure their sustainability performance and disclose to stakeholders in a globally shared language.

"International Sustainability Standards Board"

An organization established by the IFRS Foundation, which operates the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). It is responsible for formulating international reporting standards for sustainability. Its purpose is to provide internationally unified standards for companies to disclose information related to environmental, social and governance (ESG) issues in a consistent, comparable and reliable manner, thereby enabling investors and stakeholders to appropriately evaluate the sustainability risks and opportunities of companies.

There are two disclosure standards, IFRS S1 and S2, both of which are based on the TCFD recommendations. S1 requires disclosure of sustainability-related financial information, while S2 requires disclosure of climate-related risks and opportunities.

The World Energy Outlook is reported by the IEA. It is updated annually, and the 2023 edition was released on October 24. The report predicts that the rapid development of clean Energy technologies such as solar power generation, wind power generation, electric vehicles, and heat pumps will restructure the power supply system and significantly change the world's Energy system over the next 10 years. On the other hand, it warns that these developments in clean Energy are due to the current policies of each country, and that more powerful measures are required to limit global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius. In addition, the IEA publishes Intensity and indicators based on major trends in the Energy market and technology in its paid version of the report, which is an important source of information for policymakers and industry participants.

International Energy Agency

Following the 1 oil crisis in 1974, it was proposed by then US Secretary of State Kissinger and was established as an autonomous organization within the OECD framework. Member countries are required to stockpile oil and are to cooperate in times of supply uncertainty. The World Energy Outlook (WEO), published in recent years by the IEA, analyzes major trends in the Energy market and technology, and shows the direction of medium- to long-term Energy investment and development based on 3 scenarios. These scenarios are regularly updated, and the following are currently in use:

- Stated Policy Scenario (STEPS): Scenarios based on policies that have already been announced and implemented by each country.

・Announced Pledges Scenario (APS): A scenario that assumes the achievement of the ambitious targets Settings by each country.

- Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario (NZE): The path necessary to achieve net zero greenhouse gas emission amount by 2050

The IEA also provides detailed data and analysis in its paid editions, including information on Energy market Intensity(e.g., figures per unit of Energy consumption or greenhouse gas emission amount) to help member countries and companies plan Energy policies and investment strategies more effectively.

This report was approved and accepted at the 48 General Assembly of the IPCC (October 1 , 2018, Incheon, South Korea). It evaluates the impact of a 1.5°C rise in global average temperatures from pre- Industry revolution levels, as well as the greenhouse gas emissions pathways that would lead to this. As of 2017, the temperature rise due to human factors had already reached approximately 1.0°C, and if global warming continues at the current pace, the risks will increase further. Regarding the impacts of a 1.5°C rise in temperature, it focuses on the risks and impact patterns to changes in the climate system, ecosystems, and human society, and reports that these risks can be reduced by limiting the temperature rise to 1.5°C.

This report was published by the IPCC from 2021 to 2022. The main Contents are as follows:

There is no doubt that global warming is caused by human activity.

- The impact of human activity is also evident in the increase in extreme phenomena such as extreme heat and heavy rain.

・To limit global warming to 1.5°C, we need to achieve net-zero carbon dioxide emissions by the middle of this century

- The possibility of accelerated sea level rise due to instability of the Antarctic ice sheet cannot be ruled out.

The report warns that more urgent and stronger action is needed and calls on the international community to step up efforts to combat climate change.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is an intergovernmental organization established in 1988 by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). As of March 2022, 195 countries and regions are members of the IPCC. With the cooperation of scientists from around the world, the organization Create regular reports based on papers published in scientific journals and other literature, evaluating and providing the latest scientific knowledge on climate change. The IPCC also publishes Emission intensity, contributing to the formation of policies on climate change.

An index showing the strength of the impact that greenhouse gases have on global warming. Using CO2 as a standard, it numerically expresses how much warming other greenhouse gases cause with the same amount. Since greenhouse gases have different life spans, the numerical value also changes depending on the length of the evaluation period. For this reason, it is necessary to Settings the evaluation period according to the intended use.